之七 (第9/34页)

eredsubstancessuchasdC70.Therefore,theabovethreestistsarethefirsttomanufacturedearth,andtheyalsojointlywontheNobelPrizein1996.

    In1985,ProfessorQuaitofStanfordUyandGerdBinningandHeinrichRohrerofIBMjointlyiedtheatomiicroscope.Italsousesaprobetosthesurfaceoftheobject.Whentheprobeapproachestheobjeeasured,aforceisgeedbetweentheprobeandtheobject,whibeattractiveorrepulsive,andbeusedtoanalyzethesurfaceoftheobject.shape.Mostimportantly,theobjectsthatthisinstrumentobservearenotonlysemiductorsormetals,butalsoinsutors.Nowmanybiologicalsampleshavebeenobservedusingthiskindofequipment.

    1985年，史丹福大学的奎特教授以及IBM的格尔德·宾宁及海因里希·罗雷尔共同发明了原子力显微镜。它也是利用一根探针来扫描物T的表面，当探针靠近待测物T时，探针与物T之间产生作用力，这作用力可